Illustration Chart
Large 20" x 16" Print

Click Illustration to See Enduring Freedom Enlarged

A 20' x 16' companion chart with the descriptions as seen below is included with the purchase price of the illustration. It contains a complete listing of the all of the images contained in Enduring Freedom. Historical details of most of the items are included in this work.

SECTION I

Space Needle - Erected for the 1962 World's Fair in Seattle, WA. Stands 600 ft. tall. New computerized elevators travel at 800 ft. a minute, or as fast as a raindrop falls to the earth. The needle is built to withstand the wind velocity of 200 miles per hour. During the World's Fair 20,000 people traveled to the top per day. The observation deck in restaurant is so well-balanced that the restaurant rotates with a one-horse-power motor.

Stealth Fighter - The F-117 Nighthawk is the world's first aircraft designed to exploit advanced stealth technology. The unique design of the F-117 provides exceptional combat capabilities. Virtually undetectable by radar due to its technology. Used for the first time in Operation Desert Storm. Known as the "silent menace" of the sky.

Gettysburg Address - The short speech that Lincoln delivered at the site of battle of Gettysburg, PA on Nov. 19, 1863. Part of the battlefield was dedicated as a cemetery for those who had lost their lives in the battle. There are 5 different versions of the speech. Historians believe his inspired words helped reshape the nation by defining it as one people; everyone is created equal.

Earth (Globe) - Third planet from the Sun in a nine planet solar system.

Olympic Rings - Olympic symbol created in 1913 consists of five interlocking rings that represent the five continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Americas.

Olympic Torch - Is ignited in Olympia, Greece then transported by relay to the site of the games; symbolizes the light of spirit, knowledge, and life and is a sign of peace.

Blunderbuss and Cutlass - German word meaning "thunder gun". Deadly, close-range weapon. Used by pirates from the1600's through the 1800's.

USS Constitution - One of six frigates that made up the Navy in 1774. Due to the unusually strong hull made of live oak, cannon balls would bounce off her hull, thus the nickname, "Old Ironsides". Her crew of 450 won important, decisive victories during the War of 1812. It was restored in 1997 at the Boston Navy Yard.

Cross - The symbol most associated with Christianity and Jesus Christ. Much of America was settled by Missionaries who subscribed to the Christian faith.

Neil Armstrong - First man on the moon, one of the original nine astronauts picked by NASA in 1962. Commander Armstrong, along with Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, landed on the moon July 20, 1969. "The Eagle has landed. One small step for Man and one giant leap for mankind".

Blue Angels - Since 1946 the Blue Angels have been goodwill ambassadors for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps; representing the best in naval aviation and aerobatic maneuvers. They fly the F-18 Hornet, primarily a fighter escort for fleet air defense. Used extensively in Operation Desert Storm.

F-16 - United States Air Force Thunderbird team. They represent the best in Air Force, aviation and aerobatic maneuvers. The Falcon is over 20 years old and is one of the best fighters in its class. It is fast, inexpensive, has electronic flight controls and other high-tech wizardry. Its radar, missiles and cannon make it a genuine Top Gun. The Thunderbirds were officially activated June 1, 1953.

Plymouth Monument (MA) - The national monument to our forefathers was dedicated on Aug. 1, 1889 and marks the place where the Pilgrims first landed in the New World. This solid granite marker stands 81 ft. tall.

B-17 Bomber - Two of the most famous bombers in WW II were the B-17 Fortress and the B-29 Super Fortress. Both carried several tons of bombs, and had turrets with machine guns. They were primarily used for daytime bombing raids over Germany and Japan. (B-25's were used in the famous Jimmy Doolittle raid over Tokyo in 1942.)

Arizona Memorial - The final resting-place for 1177 U.S. crewman who lost their lives on Dec. 7, 1941. As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the U.S. flag flies from the pole that is attached to the severed main mast of the sunken battleship. The memorial has come to commemorate all military personnel killed in the Pearl Harbor attack.

Soccer

Boxing Gloves

Hockey

The United Nations - The UN was established after WWII to promote world peace and cooperation among the nations. There were 50 nations that met and signed the Charter in 1945. As of Sept. 2000 there were 189 member nations.

Marine Corp War Memorial, (Arlington, VA). - Based on one of the most-publicized photos of WWII, taken Feb. 19, 1945. The Memorial consists of a statue of five marines and a Navy Corpsman raising a flag on the island of Iwo Jima. It honors all marines that have died in action since 1775. Semper Fidelis.

The Constitution - The fundamental laws of the U.S. were drafted in Philadelphia in 1787. It establishes a strong central government consisting of 3 branches: Executive (President), Legislature (Congress) and Judicial (Supreme and other federal courts). The Preamble begins "We the People …"

Independence Hall, (Philadelphia, PA) - Home of the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1781; George Washington was given the title Commander in Chief. The Declaration of Independence was adopted there on July 4, 1776. The Liberty Bell was mounted in the Bell Tower from 1753 to 1976, when it was moved to another room of Independence Hall.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) - A patriot, diplomat, scientist, author, printer and inventor. One of the founding fathers of the U.S., and the only person who signed all four key documents in American history. He proved that lightning was electricity and was the first to hold the title of Postmaster General of the U.S.. He was a true patriot.

Mayflower - This ship left Plymouth, England on Sept. 16, 1620 with 102 Pilgrims (religious dissenters) aboard. The ship reached Cape Code on Nov. 21 of that same year, then sailed to Plymouth. These two areas are in the current Commonwealth of MA, which was at that time under British rule.

SECTION III

USS Missouri "Mighty Mo" - This Iowa-class battleship is one of 4 sister battleships, including the USS Iowa, USS New Jersey, and the USS Wisconsin, all of which took part in either WWII (1939-1945), the Korean Conflict (1950-1953), or Vietnam 19-19). They were each armed with nine 16-inch guns that could fire 2700 lb. shells a distance of 23 miles, and more than 100 anti-aircraft guns. Their armor plating was 18 inches thick. The Missouri was the site of the 23-minute surrender ceremony when Japan surrendered to Admiral Chester Nimitz at 0902 on Sept. 2, 1945. The Missouri and Wisconsin were re-commissioned and re-fitted for cruise missile firing in the Gulf War.

Indian Head Penny - The first Cent to be minted in the U.S. in 1775 by CT and VT. Indian Head was minted from 1859 to 1909. There was an American Indian profile on the "head" and a wreath on the back.

Apache Helicopter - Twin-engine Army attack helicopter developed and built by McDonnell Douglass (now Boeing). First used in combat in Panama in 1989. Used successfully in the Gulf War. Designed to survive heavy attack and inflict massive damage. In essence is a flying tank.

Steam Locomotive - The South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company became the first scheduled train service in the U.S. in 1831. Nicknamed "Iron Horse" by the Indians. Used by the North and South in the Civil War. "The General" is the most famous engine.

Chief Crazyhorse Memorial, (Custer, SD) - A memorial to the Oglala Sioux chief who was victorious at Powder River and Rosebud River against Army troops, and who joined with Sitting Bull and Gall to defeat George Armstrong Custer at Little Big Horn. The Memorial is located near Custer, SD and when completed will stand 563 ft. high and 640 ft. long as carved from the mountain side, the largest statue in the world. At the invitation of Lakota Chief Henry Standing Bear, the statue was commissioned of Korczak Kiolkowski in 1948, and completion is expected in the mid-21st Century.

Sitting Bull (1834-1890) - Was a famous medicine man and chief of the Hunkpapa band of the Teton Sioux Indians. In the spring of 1876 he experienced a vision and told the Indians to change their way of fighting. Instead of showing off to prove their bravery, they should fight to kill to avoid losing all their lands to the whites. The new battle plan worked and defeated General Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876.

Chief Joseph (1840-1904) - After winning several battles against the Army, in June 1877 he led women, children and old men on the Trail of Tears (over 1000 miles); many of his people died of starvation and inclement weather, as well as the fighting along the way. He was captured 40 miles short of the Canadian border, and surrendered in Oct. 1877.

Geronimo (1823-1909) - Was a war shaman with great mystical powers. His name was cried in battles against Mexicans and Americans, and struck terror into their hearts. Born in present-day AZ, he led many raids against the White men. Although he lost many family members he fought on. The Army made 3 unsuccessful attempts to capture him, but succeeded on the fourth try, after which he was relocated to FL and later OK.

Football Helmet

The Liberty Bell - Rung on July 8, 1776 for the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. Its inscription proclaims "liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof". Also rung on July 6, 1944 (D-Day). It is a symbol of American Independence.

Wright Brothers Plane- First manned aircraft flight at Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec. 17, 1903. There were four flights that day. The first was 120 ft.; the last was 852 ft.

Blimp - A cigar-shaped balloon filled with a lighter-than-air gas which gave the advantage of longer flights.

Fireworks above American Flag - As seen by Francis Scott Key in 1814 during the War of 1812 when he wrote the song that would become America's National Anthem, The Star Spangled Banner, "The rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air …".

John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) - The 35th President of the U.S. (1961-1963). First Catholic and youngest man to hold the presidential title. Secured the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba in 1962. Supporter of civil rights, creator of the Peace Corps, a war hero who won the Purple Heart, the Navy and Marine Corp Medal while serving on a PT boat during WWII. Married Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953. Was assassinated in Dallas, TX by Lee Harvey Oswald on Nov. 22, 1963. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."

SECTION IV

Oil Rig - As early as the 1820's oil drilling took place in WV. Oil was used as a light source and in industry. In 1854 the world's first petroleum company was formed (Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company).

Model T Ford- was first built in 1908. The first Ford plant was opened in Detroit, MI in 1913 and pioneered assembly-line production, generating one auto every 93 minutes instead of one every 728 minutes. By 1927 Ford was producing a car every 24 seconds. In 1908 the cost was nearly $1000; by 1927 the cost was down to less than $300 and the phrase was coined "Ford put America on wheels".

Mt. Rushmore - A national memorial in the Black Hills of SD; carved out of rock, shows the 60-ft.-tall faces of four American Presidents: George Washington (1st), Thomas Jefferson (3rd), Theodore Roosevelt (26th), and Abraham Lincoln (16th). The memorial rises 5725 ft. above sea level and more than 500 ft. above the valley. Thus Mt. Rushmore stands taller than the great Pyramids of Egypt. Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the 60-ft. busts to represent the first 150 years of American history, starting in 1927 and completing the Memorial in 1941.

Farm Tractor - First used during the 1870's; were called "traction engines" and were powered by steam. In 1920 the all-purpose tractor was developed, and could do almost all the field work. In 1918, Deere Company purchased the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company in Waterloo, IA, and tractors became an important part of the John Deere line. Today's tractors have speed, power steering, and power brakes; some have heaters and air conditioners.

Indianapolis 500 Logo - One of the world's most famous annual auto races, the first race was in 1911. Other auto races include the Grand Prix (began in 1920), Daytona Beach stock cars (1936), Winston Cup (1949).

Old Race Car - Earliest racing cars were simply the first automobiles; heavy, open vehicles, hard to steer, with poor brakes. Barney Oldfield (1878-1946) drove cars built by Henry Ford; was first to drive car a mile per minute (1903).

Mercury Space Capsule - Alan B. Shepard was the first American to go to space on May 5, 1961. Shepard manually controlled the Freedom 7 space-craft in its 116-mile-high 15-minute flight. In 1971 Shepard commanded the Apollo 14 Lunar mission and became the first man to play golf on the Moon.

Nurses Cap - represents all nurses beginning with Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). The cap originated as a hygienic device to keep women's long hair under control. Initially, doctors did not want female nurses working in battle zones, but in later years the military establishment offered formal nurse's training as a way for women to contribute to various war efforts. The Nurses Monument was erected in Arlington National Cemetery in 1938 and rededicated in 1971 to commemorate devoted service to country and humanity by Army, Navy and Air Force Nurses.

Lincoln Memorial - Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th President of the United States (1861-1865) was a statesman, law partner, and served in Congress from 1847-1849. In support of the Union his campaign slogan was "a house divided against itself cannot stand". He considered slavery to be unjust and evil. Lincoln's election to the Presidency was a signal for secession. On Apr. 12, 1861 Fort Sumter was fired upon, and the Civil War had begun. The Gettysburg Address was one of the most famous speeches ever made. "Honest Abe" was assassinated on Apr. 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater.

Washington Monument - Built in honor of George Washington, the 1st President of the United States. It is 550 ft. high with 193 carved memorial stones leading to the top. Many of the stones were donated by other countries, cities, and states. The corner stone was laid on July 4, 1848 with the same trowel that was used by George Washington to lay the corner stone of the Capitol in 1793.

Tennis Racket

Construction Logo - represents those who have done the "hands-on" building of America.

SECTION V

Department Of Defense - The government department that directs all U.S. Armed Forces; headquartered in the Pentagon in Washington, DC.

Recycling Symbol - reminds us of the Yankee slogan, "Use it up, wear it out, make it do" then use it over!

Apple Pie

Hot Dog

Bowling

Fort Laramie, WY - originally built in 1834 by fur traders, the post served a vast area bounded by the Missouri River, Denver, CO and Santa Fe, NM. The prime location was used by fur traders, the Oregon and Overland Trails, Pony Express, telegraph lines, and the U.S. military campaigns against the Plains Indians.

Covered Wagon - Is remembered for being the main form of transportation for the tens of thousands of pioneers traveling West across the Oregon and Santa Fe trails in the mid- to late-1800's. They would travel in large groups called wagon trains, and if attacked would pull their wagons into a circle to defend themselves from the Indians. Help!

Indy Race Car - named after the Indianapolis 500, resembles a Formula One car. It has an open seat, open cockpit, open wheels, and a monocoque chassis that serves as a frame structure and body, and can reach speeds of over 200 mph.

Babe Ruth's Bat (1895-1948) - Babe was the first great home run hitter in baseball history. His records include 2056 bases on balls, 72 games, 2 or more home runs. He had a .342 lifetime batting average. In 1916-1918 World Series, he pitched 29-2/3 scoreless innings. In 1920 the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees. Yankee Stadium opened in 1923, later named "the House that Ruth built". Ruth hit 60 home runs in 154 games, a record that stood for 34 years until broken by Roger Maris. Ruth hit a career total of 714 home runs, and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. This career total stood until Henry Aaron hit his 715th home run in 1974, breaking Ruth's 60-year record.

Jackie Robinson's Glove (1919-1972) - the first black person to play major-league baseball. Joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 and played for them for 10 years. He played 2nd base, held a lifetime batting average of .311, was a super base-stealer, first-ever Rookie of the Year, he later became first African-American to win MVP. Inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1962.

Baseball - in 1869, the Cincinnati Red Stockings were baseball's first professional team. The National League was formed in 1870. In 1900 the American League was born, and in 1903 the first World Series was played between the American League and the National League. "It's American as apple pie and hot dogs."

Empire State Building - Located in New York City; dedicated on May 1st 1931. It has 102 stories (1250 ft. high), making it the tallest building in the world at the time of its completion. There are over 2500 tenants, and the building has been a major tourist attraction since it was built.

World Trade Center (Twin Towers) - Construction on the two towers began in 1966. The towers stood 1362 and 1368 ft. high. Dedication of the 7-building complex was in 1973. The complex construction cost more than $750 million. About 50,000 people worked in the two towers, which collapsed on Sept. 11, 2001 after two hijacked commercial jetliners crashed into the Towers (American Airlines #11, 92 people, and United Airlines #175, 65 people). On the same day, the same group of terrorists hijacked two other jetliners, which were crashed into the Pentagon (American Airlines #77, 64 people on board and 125 on the ground), the other into a PA field (United Airlines #93, 44 people). The passengers who crashed in Pennsylvania are recognized as national heroes, since they took the initiative to overcome the hijackers and prevent the crash from causing more collateral casualties. The total death toll from this terrorist activity was 3058, according to The Associated Press in Apr., 2002. Also considered to be national heroes are the firemen, policemen, Port Authority workers, and other volunteers that risked and gave their lives during this tragedy. Special recognition goes to the "Ground Zero" clean-up crews, who spent a year searching for all possible remains in order to give the comfort of verification to family members, and to those who gave time, effort, and contributions of food, blood and materials to rescue workers.

Statue of Liberty - (Liberty Enlightening the World) a symbol of the United States and a beacon of freedom for immigrants, stands on star-shaped Fort Wood (built in 1806 to defend NY against naval attack during the War of 1812) on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. The Fort was named after Eleazar Wood, a war hero. The statue stands 305 ft. high, has 354 stairs to the crown. The crown has 7 spikes that stand for the light of liberty shining on 7 seas and 7 continents. In her left arm is a tablet that reads "July 4, 1776". A chain that represents Tyranny (unjust rule) lies broken at her feet. France gave the Statue of Liberty to the U.S. in 1884 as an expression of friendship.

Police Car - represents Law Enforcement officers and their duty to Protect and Serve.

Ambulance - represents Paramedics and other emergency service personnel.

Miner's hat - The U.S. has about 3500 active coal mines and about 3000 coal-mining companies. The 30 largest mining companies have produced about 2/3 of U.S. coal. The other 1/3 comes from small independent companies. There are about 105,000 coal miners in the U.S.. Today's production per miner is about 32 short tons per day. In 1950 it was about 7 short tons per day. Since 1900, 100,000 miners have lost their lives, and many more injured or disabled. In 1900, the fatality rate was 3.5 per 1000; today the rate is 0.5 per 1000, a safety increase of 85%.

Fireman's logo - reminds us of all modern-day fire-fighting personnel (including the U.S. Forest Service and Dept. of Forestry) and their cooperative efforts, from small towns to huge forest fires. The U.S. Forest Service is in charge of the nation's wild land.

Old Fire Pumper - Steam pumpers pulled by horses were used by fire departments from the mid-1800's to the early 1900's. They were a major improvement over the hand pumps formerly used. From 1910 to 1930 horse-drawn fire engines were replaced by gasoline-driven engines. Today's fire departments may be crewed by volunteers (in small towns) or fully-trained brigades (in large cities). Over this period of time, many improvements have been made in the equipment and methods used in fire-fighting.

SECTION VI

Cesar Chavez (1927-1993) - a labor union organizer and spokesman for the poor in CA and throughout the Southwest - especially Mexican-American migrant workers. He began by organizing grape pickers in CA in 1962 and a boycott against growers. Lettuce growers were the next target in 1970. Both growing groups gave in to the boycotts, which led to the creation of the United Farm Workers (UFW) in 1973. Throughout his career in organizing the unions, he remained committed to non-violence, and declared the "truest act of courage … is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent struggle for justice."

Old Miners Symbol - The greatest gold rush in U.S. history was started by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill, CA. It became known as the Gold Rush of 1849, because of the "49ers" flooding into CA. The population soon exceeded the number needed for statehood, which was granted in 1850.

George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876) - In 1863, during the Civil War Custer was a war hero. He became the Union Army's youngest Brigadier General. By 1865 he was made a Major General, and was sent to fight the Indian Wars out west in 1867. Custer's final battle was against the Sioux Nation led by Chief Sitting Bull in the battle of the Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876. The battle is referred to as "Custer's Last Stand".

The Golden Spike -Resembling an ordinary railroad spike in size and design, the Last Spike was manufactured in San Francisco in 1869. The spike is 17.6 carat gold, alloyed with copper, and weighs 14.03 troy ounces. Clearly visible on its head are the dents made by Governor Stanford when he tapped it with a silver hammer to commemorate the connection of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads at Promontory, UT on May 10, 1869. It is engraved on the top and on all four sides. On the head are the words "The Last Spike;" and on side four: "May God continue the unity of our Country, as the Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world. Presented by David Hewes San Francisco." This completed the first transcontinental railroad and linked East and West for the first time.

Slot Machines, Dice, Cards - Nevada was the first state in the U.S. to legalize gambling in 1931. More than 40 million visitors a year come to NV to try their luck. McCarren International Airport in Las Vegas is one of the busiest airports in the world. Mining is still a major source of revenue for the state. Hoover Dam, which holds back Lake Mead, (one of the world's largest man-made lakes) controls the flow of the Colorado River, which provides water and power to the southwest U.S..

School books

Silver dollar - This sample was minted in 1794, shows an eagle on the back and the Liberty head on the front. In 1878, much of the silver used for coins was mined from the famous Comstock Silver Mine in NV. Eisenhower dollars were minted from 1971-1978, and the currently minted silver American Eagles were the last two minted after the Peace varieties.

Caduceus - This is the symbol that denotes "the message of the gods." Since 1902 it has been the insignia of the Medical branch of the U.S. Army.

The Great Seal - was adopted by the government in 1782. The American eagle symbolizes self-reliance; the eagle holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 olives in its right talon and 13 arrows in the left. The number 13 refers to the 13 stripes from the Flag of 1777. Overall, the eagle signifies its preference to live in peace but preparedness to wage war and is also prominent on the Presidential Seal. The bottom of the seal is imprinted with the words E pluribus Unum - "of one comes many", which is also printed on each American coin. The words were adopted in 1776 by statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson for the Continental Congress; six years later it was our national motto.

The Supreme Court - is the highest court in the nation. Its basic duty is to determine whether federal, state and local governments are acting according to the Constitution of the United States. It is the judicial arm of U.S. government as provided in the Constitution.

9-11 Cap - for New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani and the leadership he provided during the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.

Coast Guard Cutter - The Guard began its history as the Revenue Cutter Service, created in 1790 at the recommendation of Alexander Hamilton to stamp out smuggling and piracy along the coasts of the U.S.. From 1790 until 1798 the RCS served as the nation's only naval force. Today the Coast Guard protects life and property, enforces sea laws, and supports the Navy using ships and stations, aircraft and weapons. Since the terrorist activities of Sept. 11, 2001, Coast Guard duties have expanded to cover fresh-water continental areas, as well as traditional coastal salt-water activities. Current efforts to interdict smuggling include the war on drugs and illegal immigration.

Minutemen - The Minutemen were created on Mar. 5th, 1775 in a secret town meeting to form an 18-man militia to be ready in the event of war with the British. The Minutemen saw their first action in the Battle of Concord and Lexington on Apr. 19, 1776. The Minuteman is also the symbol of the U.S. National Guard.

Minuteman Missile - The Minuteman missile was one of the most significant, strategic weapons in U.S. history, used during the Cold War. There was virtually no defense for a war that no one could win. In Oct. 1962 the U.S. learned that Cuba had Soviet nuclear missiles aimed at the U.S.. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade. In order to avert WWIII, he demanded that the Soviet Union withdraw and dismantle all missile bases.

Powder Horn - The powder horn was a container for carrying gunpowder and used in muzzle-loading firearms. It was usually worn swung over the shoulder.

Quill Pen and Inkwell

SECTION VII

Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco, CA) - is one of the largest and most spectacular suspension bridges in the world. It is 9000 ft. long. Construction began in 1933 and was completed in 1937 at a cost of just under $36 million. It connects Northern CA to the peninsula of San Francisco, and is constructed to withstand strong tidal forces, wind, and most earthquakes.

Scales of Justice

School Bus

Old School House - By the 1870's public schools had been established throughout the U.S.. Prior to that time, education took place at home, and consisted of learning "practical skills"; sons learned from their fathers how to farm, hunt, and build and repair things. Daughters learned from their mothers how to care for gardens, sew, spin, cook and look after livestock and their families. Children also learned trades such as shoemaking or weaving. During the early colonial period, schools known as free schools were established. They charged tuition and were free from church oversight. Dame schools were run by women in their own homes, and taught basic reading and writing to young children. The first kindergarten that was part of a public school system was opened in St. Louis, MO in 1873; more than 4000 kindergartens were in operation by 1898.

Cap and Diploma

Mule / Jack Ass (Democratic Party Logo) - The donkey was used as a political symbol by Andrew Jackson after his opponents called him a jackass during the 1828 election campaign. By the 1880's it had caught the public eye and established the donkey as a symbol for the Democratic Party, the oldest existing political party.

Elephant (Republican Party Logo) - first appeared in an 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly. Nast used the elephant many times as a Republican symbol and it soon came to stand for the Republican Party.

The White House - A symbol of the executive branch of government. George Washington laid the cornerstone in 1792. Oldest public building in Washington; restored after being burned in the War of 1812. The Mansion has housed America's presidents since John Adams in the year 1800, and has been the home of 42 American Presidents.

Presidential Seal - A committee was organized to design a presidential seal in 1777. After many ideas and a delay because of the war, it was completed in 1782. The first die, still on display in the National Archives, was cut in 1782 and used until Apr. 24, 1841. Since then, seven dies have been cut, a new one replacing the old when impressions are no longer suitable. Only the front of the Seal is impressed on documents. It appears officially on medals, stationery, publications, flags, monuments, and architectural decoration. It also appears on the buttons of every soldier's uniform and is on the Army and Air Force officer's service cap. Look on the back of a $1 bill to see how the front and back of the seal look now.

Capitol Building - Symbol and center of the legislative branch of the U.S. government. Construction of the Capitol Building began in 1793, and for over a century it was the only building created for the use of the nation's legislature. On top of the dome stands the Statue of Freedom, almost 300 ft. above the ground. Construction was complete in 1829; the building was later enlarged and now houses Congress (in the North Wing) and the House of Representatives (in the right wing).

Clara Barton (1821-1912) - although she had given three years of active service as a nurse on the front lines of the Civil War, she was again ready to embark on a mission of mercy. She prevailed upon President Lincoln to advance her cause of establishing an Office of Correspondence with Friends of the Missing Men of the United States Army in Annapolis, Maryland. Her compassionate activities led to the creation of the American National Red Cross in 1881 (chartered by Congress in 1900). Under the charter, the American Red Cross is required to act as a medium of communication between members of the armed forces and their families; to carry on a system of national and international relief to alleviate suffering caused by pestilence, flood, fire and other disasters; and to devise measures for preventing such calamities. The organization currently has about 2200 local chapters, 44 regional blood centers, and 26 tissues services centers.

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) - General and chief of the Confederate armies in the American Civil War from 1861-1865. He was a graduate of West Point in 1829, Captain of Engineers in the Mexican War, Superintendent at West Point from 1852 to 1855, and a Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Cavalry who was called on to lead the U.S. Marines that captured John Brown at Harper's Ferry in 1859. After the South seceded in 1861 he became a Confederate General at the request of President Jefferson Davis. His leadership through the next four years placed him among the world's great commanders.

Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1855) - U. S. Civil War General, Chief for the Union Army, and President of the United States (1869-1877). During the Civil War in 1864 he was made Commander in Chief. Slowly, he wore down Confederate General Lee's resistance. In 1865 he received Lee's surrender at Appomattox, VA. He reformed the civil service and ratified the Treaty of Washington with the United Kingdom in 1871.

Civil War Cannons and Cannonballs

USS Monitor - John Ericsson designed a new type of war ship for the Union Navy, made of iron rather than the traditional wood. The Union had just learned the Confederate Ship Merrimac had been refitted with a steel hull and was blowing up ships of the Union blockade. The Battle of the Ironclads took place on Mar. 8-9, 1862 at Hampton Roads, VA. The battle lasted for 3-1/2 hours. The Monitor saved the Union blockade. The Merrimac was damaged during the battle and was destroyed by the Confederates to prevent its capture by Union forces.

CSS Merrimac - Originally built in 1856, the Merrimac was burned and scuttled by Union forces on Apr. 20, 1861. Subsequently, the Confederates salvaged the ship and converted her to an armored casemate ironclad. She was commissioned as CSS Virginia in Feb. 1862, and the following month made history at the Battle of the Ironclads (Mar. 8-9, 1862) at Hampton Roads, VA.

Atomic symbol - The invention of the atomic bomb was a crucial turning point for all mankind; the beginning of the Nuclear Age (1939).

Nautilus Submarine - The first nuclear-powered submarine, completed in 1954. An atomic reactor generates heat that drives a high-speed turbine engine. Underwater speeds can reach up to 30 knots, enabling it to circumnavigate the globe without surfacing.

Baseball - for Theodore Samuel (Ted) Williams (1918-2002), a baseball legend and American hero, born in San Diego, CA. Red Sox' Ted Williams was one of baseball's greatest hitters and the last player to bat .400. Combining keen vision with quick wrists and a scientific approach to hitting, he set numerous batting records despite missing nearly five full seasons due to military service and two major injuries. His accomplishments include a .406 season in 1941, two Triple Crowns, two MVP's, six American League batting championships, 521 home runs, a lifetime average of .344, 18 All-Star Game selections, and universal reverence.

Sailboat

Lighthouse - The first lighthouse in America was Boston Lighthouse on Little Brewster Island in Boston Harbor. It was first lit in 1716. During the American Revolution in 1776, the lighthouse was destroyed and was rebuilt in 1783. It still stands today. Sperm whale oil, kerosene, and lard oil provided fuel for early American lighthouses. The 340 lighthouses in the United States today are administered by the U.S. Coast Guard.

SECTION VIII

Wells Fargo Stagecoach - Founded by Henry Wells and William G. Fargo in 1852, Wells Fargo became a legendary part of the West. The stagecoach delivered mail, people, supplies and most important, money. In 1868 30 coaches were delivered just to serve the men building the transcontinental railroad. 1855 was the first hold up, and by the 1860's there had been 313 holdups with a revenue loss of over $415,000. Black Bart and Rattle Snake Dick were getting the larger share. The stage line came to an end after the transcontinental railroad was completed.

Jesse James (1847-1882) - American outlaw from Clay County, MO. At the age of 15 he rode with Quantrill Raiders on the side of the South during the Civil War. Jesse and his brother Frank led a band of outlaws that included the Younger brothers, robbing banks and trains. Jesse was shot in the back and killed while hanging a picture in his home.

Horseshoe

Bat Masterson (1853-1921) - In 1878 was marshall of Dodge City, KS. In 1881 took part in the famous gunfight at the OK Corrall along with Wyatt Earp and Doc Holiday in Tombstone, AZ. Became city marshall in Trinidad, CO in 1882. In 1892 he managed a gambling house; and in 1902 he moved to New York and became a sportswriter and an authority on boxing.

U.S. Marshall's Badge - stands for all law enforcement.

Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974) - an American aviator, made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927 in his plane, Spirit of St. Louis. This plane was built at Ryan Aeronautical of San Diego, CA but named "Spirit of St. Louis" because Lindbergh had persuaded nine St. Louis businessmen to help finance the cost of the plane. Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him, but Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop, for which he received $25,000 from New York City hotel owner Raymond Orteig. The press named him "Lucky Lindy" and the "Lone Eagle". Lindbergh's son was kidnapped and killed on Mar. 1, 1932, an act which led Congress to pass the "Lindbergh Law", which made a federal offense of kidnapping (if the victim is transported across state lines) and use of the mail for ransom demands.

Dale Earnhardt (1951-2001) - born in Kannapolis, NC; began his racing career at 19 years old, was named Winston Cup Rookie of the Year by Nascar in 1979. The following year he was the only driver to win the Winston Cup Championship (governed by Nascar) as a 2nd year competitor. He went on to win the Winston Cup Championship 7 times, tying the record set by Richard Petty. Earnhardt was killed in a crash during the final lap of the Daytona 500 Race in 2001. His son, Dale Earnhardt Jr. is also a leading stock car driver.

X30 - The Mystery Plane - Although the NASP effort was announced by President Reagan in his State of the Union address, much of the project remains shrouded in secrecy. Indeed, the scarcity of publicly available information on this project is remarkable, given the scope of the effort to date. This very high level of classification derives at least in part from the core technological innovation that was the genesis of the X-30 project.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 - 1968) - is best remembered for his Civil Rights movement activities, and expanding the non-violent struggle against racism and discrimination in public schools, transportation, and public facilities such as hotels and restaurants. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. On Apr. 4, 1968 he was shot and killed by James Earl Ray. On his tomb stone are the words Free at last, free at Last, Thank God Almighty, I'm Free at Last. A few months later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. King the main leader of the Civil Rights movement in the U.S. in the 1950's and 60's. On Aug. 28, 1963 made his famous speech, "I have a dream …" from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

Korean Conflict (1950-1953) -- was the first war in which a world organization, the United Nations, played a military role. It was one of the bloodiest wars in history. About a million South Korean civilians were killed, and several million were made homeless. About 580,000 UN and South Korean troops and about 1.6 million Communist troops were killed or wounded or reported missing. U.S. casualties totaled 162,708 (54,246 dead and 103,284 wounded). To date, this war holds the record for the largest number of American MIA's (approximately 1000).

Salvation Army - founded by William and Katherine Booth in England in 1861. Salvation Army work in the U.S. dates from 1880 when George Railton and 7 female workers from England founded a branch in PA. The Salvation Army was distinguished by its work with the armed services in both World Wars and by its aid to those suffering in disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, all over the world.

Betsy Ross (1752-1836) - was a seamstress who made flags in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Some people believe she made the first American flag that had stars and stripes. A true fact is she made flags for the Pennsylvania Navy. The stars and stripes design she sewed was adopted by Congress on June 14, 1777; today we celebrate that date as Flag Day.

Spinning wheel- a mechanism made of wood, which enabled the art of turning cotton into yarn or thread. Used by colonists during the American Revolutionary period, New England housewives used both the "great" wheel and the "Saxony" wheel.

SECTION IX

First light bulb - in 1879 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He was granted the patent on Jan. 27, 1880. His prototype resembles the bulbs we use today.

Telephone - "Mr. Watson come here. I want you!" were the words spoken by Alexander Graham Bell on Mar. 10, 1876 after spilling battery acid on his clothes while testing a new transmitter. Watson heard every word clearly and rushed into the room. Currently the U.S. lists about 1400 local telephone companies and 500 long-distance companies. Telephone technology has grown beyond voice transmission via wire to data transfer via radio waves.

Telegraph pole - After the May 24, 1844, message "What hath God wrought" was sent by telegraph from the Capitol in Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland, a new era in long-distance communications had begun. Within a few years local companies were busily stringing the "talking wire" between many cities and towns.

Telegraph - the American inventor and painter Samuel Morse is credited with making the first practical telegraph in 1837. The first demonstration of the telegraph occurred on May 1, 1844 when train passengers in Baltimore, MD told of Henry Clay's nomination for President. Alfred Vail (who was working with Morse on developing this technology) transmitted the nomination information to Morse in Washington, DC. The first official message was sent from the Supreme Court Chamber of the Capitol on May 24, 1844, "What hath God wrought!" Morse received a U.S. patent in 1840.

Colt 45 Revolver - This was the first firearm capable of firing without reloading. Also known as the Peacemaker, the 6-Shooter, and The Gun That Won the West. Some 19th Century historians have gone so far as to say that Sam Colt's (1814-1862) invention altered the course of history. "Abe Lincoln may have freed all men, but Sam Colt made them equal."

Lariat - a Spanish word meaning "rope". Used by cowboys on the range every day to rope cattle, capture wild horses or pull wood for night fires.. Spur - a piece of metal to attach a "rowel" (a small spiked wheel) to the heel of a cowboy's boot; this device was pressed into the horse's side to control its movement. Gunbelt

Patriot missile - advanced guided missile that uses computer-controlled radar and reflected radar signals to bring down enemy aircraft. The U.S. Army used it to bring down Scud missiles during the Gulf War. It was nicknamed "the Scud Buster."

The Saint Louis Arch - the Gateway to the West, one of Missouri's most famous attractions, visited by over 2 million people per year. It is the tallest national monument in the U.S. at a height of 630 ft.. Beneath the arch are exhibits of the history of the West, Charles Lindbergh's famous flight, exhibits of the fur trade, and the exploits of the Lewis and Clark expeditions.

Football - In 1902 the first Rose Bowl game was played in Pasadena, CA. Most Collegiate teams play at athletic conferences. There are numerous bowl games played around the New Year to determine the #1 team in the nation. In 1920 the professional Football Association was formed at Canton, Ohio. The National Football League was formed in 1922. It wasn't until 1925 that a star halfback by the name of Red Grange ("The Galloping Ghost") signed a professional contract with the Chicago Bears.

Amelia Earhart (1897-1937) - born in Atchison, KS, became a volunteer nurse in WWI (1914-1918), fell in love with flying and purchased her own plane in 1920. She set a women's altitude record of 14,000 ft. in 1922, and in 1928 when she rode as an observer on a transatlantic flight, became known as the first woman to cross the Atlantic by air. She was the first woman to solo across the Atlantic in 1932, and was an important figure in the movement to develop commercial aviation. On May 20, 1937 Earhart and her Navigator, Frederick J. Noonan took of from Oakland, CA in an attempt to fly around the world. On July 2, a U.S. vessel picked up a radio message that her fuel tanks were running low. A massive search showed no trace of the plane or crew, and the search was called off on July 18.

Jukebox - Record - a coin-operated record player became popular in the 1950¹s was often found in diners and pubs across America. The most common brand being Wurlitzer & Co. founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1856.

Elvis Presley (1935-1977) - Elvis Aaron Presley was born in Tupelo, MS, and is known the undisputed "king of rock 'n roll". His family moved to Memphis, TN when he was 13, and while driving a truck at age 18, he stopped in to Sun Records to record two songs, presumably for his mother's birthday. Sun's owner Sam Phillips signed him to a recording contract, and his musical career began with the local hit "That's All Right, Mama" in 1954. Col. Tom Parker became Presley's manager, and on Sept. 9, 1956 Presley appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show. In 1958 he was inducted into the Army, and spent 2 years in Germany, where he met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieau, whom he married in 1967. Over the course of his career, he was awarded 3 Grammy Awards, 3 Platinum and 35 Gold Records for 106 Top-40 Hits and 33 films. He died at Graceland, his home in Memphis, TN at the age of 42.

Semi Tractor - Trucks are an essential part of our nation's economy. The largest have as many as 5 axles carrying 10 to 18 wheels, thus the term 18-wheeler. They haul logs and freight, carry raw materials to factories, and merchandise from factories to stores. Truck drivers cover thousands of miles from coast to coast delivering life's necessities. America runs on wheels. "Keep on truckin'."

Saxophone - an instrument of the brass segment, used prominently in the Jazz movement. Generally considered the greatest tenor saxophone player in the history of jazz is Sonny Rollins, who became popular in the 1905's and has remained so ever since. Other well-known jazz artists are Louis Armstrong, trumpeters Clifford Brown and Don Cherry, singer Babs Gonzales, trombonist JJ Johnson, pianists Bob Powell and Thelonius Monk, and drummers Max Roach and Art Blakely.

Monticello - was the primary residence of Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the U.S., and was built to his design. Construction of the main house began in 1770, and after several re-constructions it was largely completed in 1809. Monticello means on the little mountain. It is located in Charlottesville, VA. Thomas Jefferson contributed to the shaping of the U.S. perhaps more than any other person of his time.

Revolutionary war drum

Hubble Telescope - the most sophisticated optical observatory ever placed into orbit around Earth. Named for E. Hubble, it was built under NASA supervision and deployed on a 1990 space-shuttle mission, where it now returns spectacular photographs of various cosmic phenomena.

SECTION X

Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962) - An American motion picture actress whose great beauty made her a world-famous sex symbol. Both her film debut in 1948, "In Dangerous Years," and her last movie, "The Misfits" in 1961, starred Clark Gable. "The Misfits" was the last film made by each of them. Marilyn appeared in 28 films. She was married to baseball star Joe DiMaggio in 1954. She died at age 36 of an overdose of sleeping pills. Since her death she has become one of the most written-about film stars in history. She won attention with small roles in The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve. Her most successful dramatic roles were in "Bus Stop" and "Misfits". Comedic roles include Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, The Seven-Year-Itch and Some Like it Hot (filmed at the Hotel Del Coronado, 1959).

Old Fashioned Movie Camera - In honor of the American filmmaking industry. "The Birth of a Nation" (1915), 187 minutes, directed D.W. Griffith was the first American epic film, the story of the lives of a Northern and Southern family during the Civil War and post-Civil War Reconstruction period.

Old fashioned radio - The first broadcasting station in the United States was in 1920 at KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA.

John Wayne (1907-1979) - this actor was born Marion Michael Morrison, in Winterset, IA. While attending USC on a football scholarship he was nicknamed The Duke. To earn extra money, he took a job at Fox Studios moving props and furniture around. His movie debut, Drop Kick, was made in 1927 friend Ward Bond. Before making The Big Trail he changed his name to John Wayne. The Duke made 80 westerns and 17 war movies. He enjoyed playing a patriot or a role model. In 1970 he won an Oscar for his role in True Grit. John Ford was his Director in 14 of his films. The Duke was the first singing cowboy, and Stagecoach made him a star. The Duke was an American institution.

Academy Awards - "Wings" won the first award in 1928 for film achievement. Winners of the Academy Awards receive a gold plated statue called Oscar. Today Oscars are awarded in up to 26 categories.

Kentucky rifle - the Jaeger was the first accurate rifle developed in 1665, and brought to PA by German immigrants. In the early 1700's, the rifle was made new features such as longer barrels. They were used in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Early frontiersman used these rifles for hunting and self-defense.

Bowie knife - was designed by Jim Bowie's brother Rezin. It was made with a heavy handle and a curved blade that allowed it to be thrown long distances with great accuracy. Jim Bowie (1796?-1836) was a frontier figure who became a prospector, Indian fighter and land speculator, and was best-known for his participation in the Battle of the Alamo, where he, Davy Crockett and Colonel William Travis were among the 189 defenders who died.

Coon skin cap - in honor of Davy Crockett who stands for the Spirit of the American Frontier. As a young man he was a crafty Indian fighter and hunter. In his forty-nine years, he commanded a battalion in the Creek Indian War (1813-1814), was twice a member of the TN legislature (1821-1824), and of the 20th, 21st, and 23rd Congresses of the U.S. (1827-1835). He died a hero's death at the Alamo, helping Texas win independence from Mexico. His tombstone reads: "Davy Crockett, Pioneer, Patriot, Soldier, Trapper, Explorer, State Legislator, Congressman, Martyred at The Alamo. 1786-1836"

The Alamo - Site of one of the most dramatic battles ever fought. In 1836 almost less than 200 people fought to defend the Alamo against Santa Ana's Mexican army of 5,000. Because this small group of defenders had delayed Santa Ana's advancing army for 2 weeks (Feb. 23-Mar. 6), General Sam Houston had enough time to mobilize his army. Seven weeks after this encounter, Sam Houston's army used the battle cry "Remember the Alamo". With 400 Texans, they massacred the Mexican forces at the San Jacinto River on Apr. 21, 1836. After a battle that killed 600 Mexicans and only 9 Texans, General Santa Ana and 650 soldiers were taken prisoner. 4,000 Mexican troops retreated south. Texas had won its independence. Among the dead at the Alamo were patriots Jim Bowie, Colonel William Travis, and frontier statesman Davy Crockett.

George S. Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) - was born in San Gabriel, CA and attended the U.S. Military Academy in 1909. He placed fifth in the 1912 Olympic Pentathlon. He served in the 1916 Mexican Expedition. In WWI he commanded a tank brigade in France, and in 1942, he led the Allied invasion of North Africa. In 1943 he took command of the Second U.S. Army Corps and won one of the first major U.S. victories at Elguettar. He commanded the 7th Army for the invasion of Sicily in 1943. In Dec. 1944 he fought in the Battle of the Bulge at Bastogne. His toughness, rough speech, and habit of being outspoken on military and political affairs earned him the nickname "Old blood and guts".

Uncle Sam - During the War of 1812 the term "Uncle Sam" originated as a figure that symbolized the U.S.. Most anything belonging to the government used the initials U.S.; many thought it stood for "United States". In actuality, Samuel Wilson, of Troy, New York had the initials U.S. stamped on barrels of provisions. Between 1830 and 1840 Uncle Sam was decorated in cartoons with stars and stripes. It wasn't until after the Civil War in 1865 that the figure assumed its present form. Samuel Wilson was the person who inspired America's national symbol; in 1961 was legitimized by a resolution passed in Congress.

William F. Halsey, Jr. (1882-1959) - was born in Elizabeth, NJ, and entered the Naval Academy in 1900. This American Naval officer (nicknamed "Bull" Halsey) commanded the Destroyer Patrol force in WWI. He qualified as a naval aviator in 1935, Rear Admiral in 1938, Vice Admiral in 1940, and in 1942 was Commander of Allied Naval Forces in the South Pacific, where he won a decisive battle in the Solomon Islands. Following Japan's surrender in 1945 he was promoted to Fleet Admiral.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - Dedicated Nov 21, 1921, the tomb contains the remains of unknown American soldiers from World Wars I, II, the Korean War, and in 1998 the Vietnam War. Each was presented with the Medal of Honor as well as the flags that covered their caskets. The inscription reads: "Here Rests in Honored Glory an American Soldier Known but to God."

U.S. Marine Corps Insignia, U.S. Army Insignia, U.S. Navy Insignia, U.S. Air Force Insignia, and U.S Coast Guard Insignia

Vietnam War Memorial - The Vietnam Veterans Memorial (located in Washington, DC) was dedicated Nov. 13, 1982 to acknowledge and recognize the service and sacrifice of all who served in Vietnam. This statue of 3 figures represents the 2.7 million men and women in the U.S. military who served in the designated war zone.

Vietnam Veteran's Memorial (The Wall) - These polished black granite panels are inscribed with the names of over 58,000 men and women who gave their lives in the Vietnam War. Approximately 1300 of these listed are still missing (MIA's, POW's, and others).

Challenger Space Shuttle - on Jan. 28, 1986 seven space shuttle crewmembers lost their lives in the explosion over Cape Canaveral, FL. The Astronauts' names were Gregory B. Jarvis, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S Onizuka, Judith A Reznik, Frances "Dick" Scobee, Michael J. Smith and Sharon "Christa" McAuliffe (a Social Studies teacher from Concord High School in Concord, New Hampshire who had trained for the flight and would have been the first civilian in space).

Microscope - One of the many uses of this instrument is for research in the field of medical science. A notable example is the discovery by Dr. Jonas Salk of the (now) Salk Institute in La Jolla, CA in the 1950's of a vaccine against the deadly Polio virus.

Einstein's Theory of Relativity - Albert Einstein (1879-1955), one of the greatest scientists of our time, noted for his contributions in physics, is probably best known for his theory of relativity (E= MC2). This theory revolutionized scientific thought with new concepts of time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation. Einstein's theories and contributions were key to the understanding of nuclear energy, which led to the production of the nation's first atomic bomb in 1945, and the end of WWII.

SECTION XI

Star of India - Built in England in 1863, the 278-ft. sailing vessel was originally named "Euterpe." Her hull was made of one-inch iron plate instead of wood. She was used to carry jute from Pakistan, immigrants to New Zealand, cargo to India, and salmon from Alaska. In 1906, her name was changed to Star of India. After 60 years (in 1923) she was towed to San Diego Bay, where she sat in harbor for 50 years. During that time she was fully restored, and put back to sea in 1976. She is now part of the Maritime Museum. The Star of India remains world's oldest ship still able to go to sea. She has sailed several times since 1976.

Balboa Park (San Diego, CA) - In 1915 and 1916, San Diego hosted the Panama-California Exposition, an international fair. The event brought worldwide attention to the city and made Balboa Park a popular tourist attraction. The park is currently home to the San Diego Zoo, Museums of Aerospace, Science, Sports, Automotive, Art, Natural History, etc. and Artist's Colony.

Hotel Del Coronado - (Coronado, CA) was completed in 1888. When it was built, the hotel was the largest structure outside of New York City to be electrically lighted, and Thomas Edison himself supervised the installation of his incandescent lamp invention. L. Frank Baum, author of the "Wizard of Oz," did much of his writing here, and is said to have based his designs for the Emerald City on the hotel. The hotel has been the setting for more than 30 movies and TV shows.

Emmy- awards are presented each year for excellence in TV performance and production over the previous year. The first Emmys were awarded in 1948.

Basketball - The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is located in Springfield, MA. The Hall is currently in the building process on a new site (on the Springfield waterfront). The official grand opening is scheduled for September 28, 2002.

The Old Point Loma Lighthouse - stood watch over the entrance to San Diego Bay for 36 years. The light was first lit at dusk on Nov. 15, 1855, and was extinguished for the last time on Mar. 23, 1891. Its placement at 422 ft. above sea level seemed ideal, but fog and low clouds often obscured the light. The Lighthouse has been refurbished to it historic 1880's appearance, and is maintained by the National Park Service.

Cabrillo National Monument - On Sept. 28, 1542, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed at San Diego Bay, marking the first time a European expedition had set foot on what later became the west coast of the U.S.. The Monument was established on Oct. 14, 1913 to memorialize his accomplishments. The Park offers a superb view of the San Diego harbor and skyline, a former army building housing an exhibit of the coast artillery, winter-time views of migrating gray whales, and walking trails along rocky intertidal coastline.

Grammy - The first Grammys (a gold-plated replica of a phonograph record) were awarded in 1958. They are now given annually for achievement in music for the previous year. Categories include performing, writing, and engineering. The name "Grammy" comes from gramophone, an early name for a phonograph. Today there are more than 40 presented each year for music and video achievements.

Lance Armstrong - Four-time Tour de France winner, is a testament to strength and endurance. In 1996, Lance was diagnosed with choriocarcinoma, an especially aggressive form of testicular cancer. Two years of equally aggressive treatment led to the victory line in Paris. Lance is quoted as saying "If there's one thing I say to those who use me as their example, it's that if you ever get a second chance in life, you've got to go all the way." He has done just that. The Texas native won the Tour de France, has been honored at the White House, and established his own foundation to fund testicular cancer research. He's 27 years old, a champion athlete, husband and father, in the prime of heath again, and perhaps the best example of what a second chance in life can really become.

U.S. Postal Service (1775- ) - When the Continental Congress named Benjamin Franklin the first Postmaster General in 1775, the U.S. was a weak confederation of colonies scattered along the eastern seaboard. The postal system that the Congress created helped bind the new nation together, support the growth of commerce, and ensure a free flow of ideas and information. Today, the Postal Service delivers hundreds of millions of messages and billions of dollars in financial transactions each day to over eight million businesses and 250 million Americans. The Postal Service does not actually have an official motto. The phrase which most people associate with the post office is that which is engraved on the outside of the James A. Farley Post Office building at 8th Ave & 33rd St in New York City: Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.

Colin Luther Powell (1937- ) - was born in Harlem, NY. He attended City College of NY, where he also enrolled in the ROTC. In 1958 he earned a BS degree and was commissioned 2nd Lt. In the U.S. Army. As a U.S. military officer, he served two tours in Vietnam (1962-63 and 1968-69), where he earned a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart. He was named a White House Fellow, and in 1972 took an MBA degree at George Washington University while working in the Office of Management and Budget. Following that time he served in a series of military and political posts including commanding general of the V Corps in Europe (1986). Pres. Reagan appointed him national security adviser in 1987, and he was named commander of all U.S. forces in the continental U.S. in 1989, as well as four-star general. Pres. George Bush appointed him Chairman of the Joint Chiefs in Oct. 1989, the youngest officer and first African American ever named to the post. As chairman, Powell was the chief operating officer during the Persian Gulf War, and he retired from the military on Sept. 30, 1993. Powell was appointed U.S. Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on Jan. 20, 2001.

POW*MIA Banner - The first Geneva Convention was signed in 1864. New provisions were added in 1906, 1929, 1949 and 1977. The Conventions provide for the humane treatment of civilians, prisoners and wounded persons in wartime. Methods are provided to identify the dead and wounded, and to send information to their families. The protection of hospitals and medical transports with their proper marking with a red cross are also enumerated.

American Flag at Half-Mast - a distress signal, also used to signify mourning.

General Norman H. Schwarzkopf (1934 - ) - was born in Trenton, NJ, son of a major general in the U.S. Army. He attended the U.S. Military Academy and took a Master's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of So. Cal. He served twice in Vietnam (1965-66, and 1969-70), then commanded troops in the U.S. and worked in the Pentagon. In 1983 he was deputy commander of the joint task force and principal Army adviser during the U.S. military operation in Grenada. In 1988, was appointed commander in chief of U.S. Central Command, the headquarters for military operations in 18 countries of Africa and Asia. He retired from the Army in Aug., 1991.

Golf Bag - Masters Golf Tournament: 18th Hole - (Augusta, GA)

Bob Hope (1903 - ) - Radio, movie, and stage performer. He became a vaudeville performer in the 1920's, made his Broadway debut in 1927, became a star in the musical comedy "Roberta" in 1923. During the 1930's and -40's he starred in his own radio show. Hope has appeared in over 50 motion pictures. In 1938 he sang "Thanks for the Memory" in his first film named "The Big Broadcast." This song became his theme song. Did seven road comedies with pals Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour. Gave many performances for charity, including entertaining troops with the USO during WWII, Korea, Vietnam, and Desert Storm. Received 5 special Academy Awards. Has been making people laugh for the better part of a century. On Hope's 99th birthday, President GW Bush decreed the chapel located in Los Angeles National Cemetery The "Bob Hope Veterans Chapel" to salute his decades of service entertaining troops overseas. Happy 99th Birthday Bob.

Harley Davidson - 1948 "Pan Head". The V-twin engine was introduced by Harley Davidson in 1909, and this engine has powered Harley motorcyles to the top of the industry ever since, the newest engine is the twin cam.

Willie Shoemaker - The most successful jockey in racing history, "The Shoe" won over 200 races his first year out and set a season record of 485 in 1953. A four-time Kentucky Derby winner, his lifetime wins total over 7000.

SECTION XII

'56 T-Bird - an American classic car first introduced in 1955 by Ford Motor Company became an icon used in many movies. Re-introduced in 2001.

F-18 --

'57 Chevy Bel Air- America's first low-priced hardtop coupe included the trademark tail fins and two-tone paint. It was introduced in 1950 and sold for $1,741.

Pledge of Allegiance - First recited in public schools in 1892 to mark the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. Both Francis Bellamy (1855-1931) and James Upham (1845-1905) of Boston, MA (who also worked for the same company) claimed to have written the pledge. In 1942, the Pledge became part of the code for the use of the Flag. In 1954 the words "Under God" were added.

Bible -

Pentagon - this five-side building is headquarters of the Department of Defense, is one of the world's largest office buildings. Approximately 23,000 employees daily ride past 200 acres of lawn to park approximately 8,770 cars in 16 parking lots; climb 131 stairways or ride 19 escalators to reach offices that occupy 3,705,793 square ft.. While in the building, they use 4,200 clocks, 691 water fountains, 284 rest rooms, 4,500 cups of coffee, 1,700 pints of milk and 6,800 soft drinks dispensed in 1 dining room, 2 cafeterias, 6 snack bars, and an outdoor snack bar. Over 200,000 telephone calls are made daily through phones connected by 100,000 miles of telephone cable. The Defense Post Office handles about 1,200,000 pieces of mail monthly. Various libraries support our personnel in research and completion of their work. The Army Library alone provides 300,000 publications and 1,700 periodicals in various languages.

F-14 Tomcat - The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic, twin-engine, variable sweep wing, two-place strike fighter.

Aircraft Carrier - Carriers are the largest warship in the world. They carry 85-100 planes; fighters, bombers, tankers, anti-submarine aircraft, and usually 6 helicopters. They are protected by cruisers, destroyers, and submarines. Such a fleet is called a "carrier task force" or "battle group". The Langley was the first converted carrier in 1922. The first carrier specifically built was the Ranger in 1934. The U.S. Navy operates the largest carrier fleet in the world, a total of 12: Nuclear powered (CVN) Enterprise, Nimitz (#68), Dwight D. Eisenhower (#69), Carl Vinson (#70), Theodore Roosevelt (#71), Abraham Lincoln (#72), George Washington (73), John C. Stennis (#74), and Harry S. Truman (#75). The Reagan (#76) is to be commissioned in 2008. The 3 oil-powered (CV) are the John F. Kennedy (#67), Kittyhawk (#63) and Constellation (#64).

F-14 Tomcat - taking off from North Island Naval Air Station (San Diego, CA)